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Brief basic psychobiology of stress

The term originally comes from physics and architecture to refer to the force applied to an object can stretch or break, where Selye, a physician at the beginning of s. XX, imported it to describe a range of symptoms observed in some patients who seemed to have no known medical cause or to be presented regardless of the condition being treated and gained fame in 1950 with the publication of Stress. A study on anxiety . And so it came to psychology, but his treatment has not been unambiguous because it has been understood in different ways by the authors.

Dr. Cano Vindel, president of the English Society for the Study of Anxiety and Stress says that some have arisen as a reaction or response of the individual and the internal changes that occur in it, others have used it to Referring to the stimulus itself, speaking of stressful stimuli that can cause a stress response, and finally, the most complete and accepted approach today is the one who understands the stress as an interaction between the stimulus and the subject, so that consider stress as "a result of an imbalance between the demands of the environment (internal or external stressors) and resources of the subject" to cope.

The crux of the matter is in the adrenal glands and a type of hormone secreted by, the glucocorticoids, cortisol being the popular "stress hormone", the main one in humans and other primates. Have glucocorticoid receptors in virtually every cell in the body, so it is easy to see that altering the regulation will mean, in the chain of influences, altering the entire body. Regulate various aspects of metabolism and its release increases significantly during stress, where they are needed to prepare the organism to a threat.

In these situations, increasing the supply of glucose to neurons and muscle enhances the function of organs (heart, brain, etc.) that will allow the body to respond quickly and effectively, eg by physical exertion or increased attention. On the other hand, glucocorticoids have anti-inflammatory properties as they inhibit the release of various chemical mediators of inflammation. Also known to suppress the immune system response, so they are used in clinical practice to prevent transplant rejection, among other things, but for this very reason, the susceptibility to certain diseases is greatly increased in these situations of high tension.

Roughly the thing starts with the perception of danger, which is rapidly processed by the central nervous system from the hypothalamus, through a series of hormonal mediators influences the pituitary gland which in turn releases hormones that when they reach the adrenal glands lead to the rapid release of glucocorticoids and catecholamines, which performed its function in various organs and tissues. This close relationship between the nervous and endocrine systems has made it increasingly more frequent and appropriate to talk about the neuroendocrine system as a whole.

But stress is bad enough. Biological and evolutionary speaking, stress is a physiological response that occurs to facilitate the survival time to adverse events such as assault of a predator or food deprivation. Glucocorticoids secreted by the adrenal cortex, speeding up metabolism, and catecholamine secreted by the adrenal medulla, increasing blood circulation, preparing the body to confront the threat. The problem comes when this response a priori "good" (ie, adaptive) is too long time. Here we already in the field of psychosocial stress, where the situations that produce stress are other issues such as personal relationships, exams, promotion at work, etc, so a chronically activated a number of physiological processes that are designed only to respond to specific emergencies of a physical.

Prolonged stress over time, and increase the vulnerability to develop disease by immunosuppression that occurs, can lead to many pathological conditions: cardiovascular, digestive, growth, infertility and nervous system damage, as it neuronal receptors have been identified glucocorticoids in structures related to the regulation of processes as diverse as neurogenesis, learning, memory and decision making. In extreme cases, a very high levels of glucocorticoid block adult neurogenesis and neuronal death occurs.


Readings and links:

Fundamentals of Psychobiology, VVAA, Sanz y Torres, 2009.
Stress - Wikipedia
English Society for the Study of Anxiety and Stress

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ROME CONQUERS THE PLATEAU CENTRAL (V): THE IMPORTANT ROLE OF NEGÓBRIGA

In the year 152 took over the situation two new characters, the consul M. Claudio Marcelo, for Citerior, and Marco Atilio preor for the Ulterior. Marcelo, a man experienced in war and politics, launched its campaign to reconquer the Jalón valley, heading straight for Ocilis. The deal that gave the city was so generous that emissaries soon arrived from other cities willing to be tested, including Negóbriga (Calatorao). Apparently, the young people of this city was not quite agree with their aut0ridades plans, so they decided to act on their own, coming to attack the same Roman camp. Marcelo, considering nertobriguenses that had betrayed him, besieged the city. But the people responsible did not want a confrontation with the Romans. So no time in sending a man Marcelo covered with a wolf pelt, distinctive Celts used to use messengers. Marcelo agreed to conclude peace with Negóbriga, provided its citizens to mediate with the other tribes insumisas del Duero to initiate negotiations with the Romans. Almost all Arevaci
agreed to a deal on terms similar to those signed with Graco old. Only a few cities also require stronger guarantees for the future. Given the disagreement, Marcelo proposed that each of the parties that had split the opinion of the Celts send ambassadors to Rome to negotiate directly with the Senate. While never an answer, all parties agreed to respect a truce.
The ambassadors, who accompanied Marcelo messengers carrying a letter from the consul for the Senate, which recommended that opted for a peaceful settlement, reached Rome. The Senate, after listening to them, referred the matter for discussion secret.
What was the response of the Senate?: Marcelo was told to continue with the war. Do you want the reader to know why? In the next post.

(CONTINUED)

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Rome conquered the central plateau (IV): THE DISASTER OF VULCANALES AND THE HOME OF HARASSMENT ON NUMANCIA

Nobilior was made in the field of operations in May of 153 a. C. with an army of not less than 30,000 men, which included about 7,000 auxiliaries recruited from the Ebro region and the coast. The first thing was to establish Ocilis Nobilior (Medinaceli) a military base and supply depot. After Segeda attacked.
Its inhabitants, who had not yet finished its great wall, fled for refuge, for the most part, Numancia. Nobilior followed, but the road was struck by Arevaci warriors led by their leader, a certain Expensive. Nobilior that day lost 60% of Roman ciudadadanos militants in his army (about 6,000). It was Aug. 23, when Rome burned at parties celebrating Vulcanales in honor of the god Vulcan. When news broke in the distant metropolis, that sad day was officially declared a "grim day" for the Roman people.
But in the course of the battle, the Arevaci had also lost their leader Expensive. Thus, lawless, were unable or failed to take advantage of his victory and retreated to Numancia, where heads Leucon Ambron and tried to reorganize before Nobilior, with the rest of his troops, fell on the city. Indeed, the Roman army appeared a few days later the hill called the Great Watchtower, and in that great place set up camp right in the same place where, years ago, Cato had encamped his troops - as we said in another post of this blog.
Meanwhile, the people of Ocilis had rebelled against Rome, knowing the success of the battle the day of the Vulcanales. For this reason, left their bases Nobilior Ocilis and contacted the Ebro valley, where reinforcements could reach more easily. The Celts Nobilior sent a messenger to propose negotiations, but the Romans, who had just received reinforcements (Cavalry and elephants sent by Massinissa, king of Numidia), haughtily dismissed the envoy. He immediately gave orders to assault Numancia in the hope of intimidating the Celts with their ten elephants. Winter is
jumped and Numancia were well supplies provided by the vacceos. Nobilior, in order to cut the supply, was admitted to Uxama (Osma), but had to return without accomplishing its purpose. The cold weather caused a great slaughter in the Roman camp. The Celts tended traps each time the Romans came out to collect firewood, water or supplies. A convoy carrying wheat and fodder fell Numantian. In short, the campaign of 153 was a complete disaster.

(CONTINUED)

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Rome conquered the central plateau (III): FIFTH FULVIO nobilior

Nobilior Quinto Fulvio was the consul in charge of going to Spain. Assigned Citerior province, with the mission to pacify the Celts. The praetor Lucius Mummius would in front of the Further, in order to subject the Lusitanian. Mummius
's army was defeated by the Lusitanian, which hare been carefully walked through all of the flags and banners Celtiberia taken to the Romans, handler prove they were not invincible. Emboldened by this success and guided by a new leader, Cauceno invaded the land of Cuneo, in the Algarve and now penetrated to the Strait area, who crossed along with their plunder by the Moroccan coast, until caught up in OCIL Mummius (current Arzila) and defeated them.
Citerior in the province, the "casus belli" was the fact that the inhabitants of Segeda (11 km from Calatayud), had applied to build around their city a second wall of large perimeter intended to shelter in case of danger to all people of the tribe of the belos. Segeda remember that was one of the few - if not only - of the cities that had managed to keep the walls after demolition orders earlier times. The Senate objected to having knowledge of what happened and segistanos replied that the treaty with Graco only forbidden to build new thoroughfare, not the old walling. In retaliation, Rome took away the privilege of enjoying the tax exemption, Segeda refused to pay and war ensued.
segistanos Although apparently were those who violated the covenant, the root cause of behavior must be sought in the conduct of the Roman governors, whose rapacity, plundered came long before the agreements with Graco.
By knowing the decision of Rome, many cities and Celtic tribes signed a treaty offensive and defense mechanism, which still retain a debronce registration plate found in Guadalajara (Luzaga), written in Iberian character. Although it has not been translated completely, we know from the inscription that among the allied cities included Arecratox (Ágreda) and Luti (Cantalucía), on whose behalf it signed the treaty for legacies. For other sources we know that all cities Arévacos united against Rome.